Past and Present Participles

Over a wide span of time Participles There are two kinds of participles in English, and each type is utilized in an assortment of ways. Present Participles The principal sort of participle is the current participle. The current participle is frequently alluded to as the - ing type of the action word. Here are a few instances of present participles in italics: The sun was sparkling so I went for a walk.The man communicating in English is our teacher.That film was amazingly energizing. Past Participles Past participles are utilized comparably to introduce participles. Here are a few instances of past participles in italics: He has traveled to Chicago twice.The broken kid got back without a prize.That man looks lost. Participles Used as the Main Verb Participles are utilized withâ auxiliary action words in an assortment of tenses. Remember that the adjustments in the conjugation of the action word are made to the helper action word. The participle structure remains the same.â Present participles are utilized for constant (or dynamic) tenses. These incorporate the present constant, past ceaseless and future persistent. Present Continuous: They are watching TV at the moment.Past Continuous: Mary wasâ talkingâ on the phone when I came home.Future Continuous: Ill beâ playingâ golf tomorrow at three oclock.Present Perfect Continuous: He has beenâ workingâ in the nursery for twenty minutes.Past Perfect Continuous: They had beenâ waitingâ for thirty minutes when he at long last arrived.Future Perfect Continuous: Jack will have beenâ studyingâ for four hours by six oclock.Past participles are utilized with basic flawless tenses (ceaseless great or dynamic immaculate tenses take the participle been the current participle - have been playing, will have been working, etc.).Present Perfect: Shes already eaten lunch.Past Perfect: They hadâ leftâ for California before she called.Future Perfect: I will haveâ boughtâ the garments by tomorrow night. Detached Voice and Participles Past participles are additionally utilized in all latent voice sentences. To rapidly audit the inactive voice structure: Aloof Subject be (conjugated) past participlePresent inactive: Tom was educated by Frankie.Past latent: My vehicle was made in Germany. Participles Used as Adjectives Participles can likewise be utilized as descriptive words to depict things. The contrast between the current participle and the past participle can have a significant effect in importance: The exhausted man rested during the discussion.The exhausting man put others to bed during the conversation. In the primary sentence, the past participle exhausted is utilized to imply that the man himself was exhausted; in the subsequent sentence, the current participle exhausting is utilized to imply that the man was exhausting to other people. The past participle is utilized as a uninvolved modifier. The uninvolved descriptive word communicates how somebody feels.â Any intrigued understudy ought to apply in the office. The excessively energized young men need to quiet down! The current participle is utilized as a functioning descriptive word. The dynamic descriptive word portrays the impact on individuals or things: Hes an intriguing teacher. Id like to take a class with him. Shes an exhausting speaker.â Participles Used as Adverbs The current participle is some of the time utilized as a modifier to depict the way in which an action word is performed. Here are a couple of models: She taughtâ pounding the sentence structure into their heads!Angelo worksâ considering all points. Notice how the current participle could be gone before with by to give a similar importance: She educated (by) beating the language structure into their heads!Angelo works (by) thinking about all edges. Participles Used like Clauses At last, participles are additionally utilized in short expressions that work as provisos. At times, the expression containing the participle drops the relative pronoun: Whos that kid playing the piano? - (Who is that kid whosâ playing the piano?)Thats the man recalled by his companions. - (That is the man who was recalled by his companions.) These structures can likewise present sentences with either the current participle or the past participle: Investing all his free energy in the library, he kept on learning outside of class.Left alone with no place to go, Mary chose to get back a couple of days early. Present Participles and Gerunds The current participle is frequently mistaken for the ing word which is likewise coolly alluded to as the ing type of the action word. Theâ difference between the ing word and the present participleâ can be befuddling. The principle distinction is that an ing word is utilized as a thing: Getting away is critical to your psychological health.We appreciate watching lighthearted comedies.

Prohibition2 Essay Example For Students

Prohibition2 Essay Disallowance One of the most questionable, the Eighteenth, and later, its cancelation, the Tweny-First correction, had a major effect on America, and their thoughts are as yet discussed today. Denial has had a wide range of view focuses from the earliest starting point. Restriction began some time before the Eighteenth Amendment. Associations against liquor, for example, the Anti-Saloon League and the Womans Christian Temperance Union were prevailing with regards to ordering nearby disallowance laws, transforming the crusade into a national exertion. In the late 1900s there was a normal of one cantina for each 150 to 200 individuals, including nondrinkers, because of rivalry in blending organizations. The significant grievance was the sex and betting that accompanied the cantinas. Initially it was begun as awartime somberness measure in 1917, and later Congress proposed the Eighteenth Amendment. As indicated by Dennis Mahoney, in 1919, it was sanctioned and became effective. The Volstead demonstration was supported by Andrew J.Volstead on October 28, 1919. It implemented the new Amendment. During Prohibition there was a slight drop in manslaughter rates around the nation. On January 16, 1920, the extraordinary law became effective. The Eighteenth amendment made it prohibited to make, sell, transport, import or fare any inebriating mixers. This was disputable in light of the fact that it turned the regular persevering man or lady, who delighted in a beverage in the wake of a monotonous days work, into a criminal in the laws eyes. In The History of Prohibiton, a site by J. McGrew, it expresses that Prohibiton additionally gave lawbreakers, for example, Al Capone, the chance to take care of off the illicit substance. The composed wrongdoing circuit gobbled up Prohibition and started to contraband liquor. Nearby drug stores and cellars close to the fringe became center points for the exchanges. The Big Bosses would buy it in Canada, where it was legitimate and import it to the US. A prime case of the sorted out wrongdoing is in the film, Legends of the Fall. Both the Volstead Act and the Eighteenth Amendment are referenced in the film, as it depicts a little league boot legger going toward a major sorted out wrongdoing family, at long last numerous individuals lost their lives over liquor and cash. Speakeasies, unlawful bars, jumped up all over. They advanced the most noticeably awful of shamelessness, sex and betting, just as drinking. What's more, just because ladies were seen smoking in broad daylight. Bath gin and other unlawful blending was all over. Not exclusively was the home made alcohol profoundly powerful it could likewise be exceptionally lethal. In the event that you endure, you could in all likelihood be visually impaired or handicapped from awful decay gut. I as of late addressed my granddad on the issue and he was cited to state Oh sure, we blended our own lager and wine, we didnt care. General society was tired. Efficient gatherings like the Womans Organization for National Prohibition Reform developed quickly and following thirteen years it detonated during the 1932 presidential battle. The democrats and their representative, Senator, Franklin D. Roosevelt, upheld the change. Sponsored by the Voluntary Committee of Lawyers, Roosevelt got the nullification. On February 20, 1933, the Twenty-First Amendment was proposed and on December 5, it was endorsed. The most up to date Amendment to the Constitution revoked the Eighteenth Amendment and the Volstead Act. After its annulment it required some investment for the utilization pace of Alcohol to return to the pre-Prohibition level. All things being equal, the Noble Experiment (a name for Prohibiton, found in a wide range of sources) fizzled. The proof unmistakably shows that the states of the Nation were obviously better without Prohibition and the Eighteenth Amendment. One of the most examined and bantered of this century, will this issue be conveyed into the following on the rear of Marijuana? List of sources:

Prof. Catherine DIgnazio on Urban Science for Public Good

Prof. Catherine DIgnazio on Urban Science for Public Good One of the strange things about being 10,000 years old is that, while Ive been tooling away judging teens, some of my classmates/labmates from when I was in my masters program have gone on to build careers in academia. Some are even professors! And, as of this term, one of them, Catherine DIgnazio, is even a professor at MIT! Oh god Im old.   Earlier today, Catherine circulated an announcement (and syllabus) for a new class she is teaching this term that I thought sounded totally rad: 11.S01 â€" 3 credits Urban Science for Public Good: Gender and Racial Equity in Artificial Intelligence Meets Mon 1:30 3pm First-year Discovery class Gender and racial equity are often central goals of urban planning. But what are gender and race? What happens when we start to measure and model these dimensions of identity? Conversely, what happens when we ignore gender and race in urban computation? This course introduces students to some of the leading scientists, theorists and practitioners who are working to challenge bias in AI and to use data and computation to work towards gender and racial equity in cities. Along the way, we will reflect on our own identities and learn critical concepts to navigate gender and race from fields such as Urban Planning, Womens Gender Studies, Critical Race Studies, and Computer Science. I know from reading applications that a lot of prospective MIT students are interested in how to use/change technology to make the world less awful, and Catherine is one of the central faculty members involved in building out a new major (and affiliated lab) where that is a central object of concern contemporaneous with the new College of Computing. So I thought Id ask her a few questions over email about who she is, what shes doing, and how people at/aspiring to MIT can stay informed. Who are you?   Im a new faculty at MIT in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning. My somewhat untraditional background is in software development, art/design and civic media. I graduated from the Media Lab/Center for Civic Media back in 2014 and have been thinking about how we can use data and technology for social good for some time. I also have a new book coming out called Data Feminism where Lauren Klein and I try to outline what a feminist approach to data science looks like. Spoiler alert: its not (only) about women and not (only) for women because it takes more than one gender to build a just and fair world.   How would you describe what and how you hope to teach (in this class and generally at MIT)? I like building things and making things, and Im very excited to be back at MIT where so many incredible things are built and made. Im also thrilled to be part of DUSPs new urban science major (Course 11-6) that we are doing in collaboration with Course 6. At the same time, I embrace ideas of participatory design and co-design where you involve communities in the making process. I see this as essential if we are going to build technologies that truly serve the public. So collaboration and participation is a part of all of the classes, where we often work with different outside groups. For example, in my spring course called the Crowd Sourced City we are collaborating with the Cambridge Historical Commission, Boston Public Library and the Geochicas, a feminist activist collective out of Latin America. How do we use data and technology to create more equitable, livable and healthy cities? Thats a question we have to answer through building technology AND building relationships. What are three books, papers, or other media that high school students interested in this field should read? OK I have to say Data Feminism. Other great starting points are Cathy ONeils Weapons of Math Destruction, ProPublicas story on Machine Bias, Joy Buolamwinis video AI, Aint I a Woman?. These start to point out some of the places where we are reproducing structural bias in data and AI, which is a huge risk for those of us who aspire to do good with data science. They also point towards the values, methods and tools we can adopt for us to start to do better. Anything else that you want to say? Im starting a new lab called the Data + Feminism Lab so I would welcome folks to our public mailing list to stay up to date on guest speakers, job opportunities and other activities that well post periodically. And just generally, feel free to get in touch with me and tell me about any interesting things happening around the community. I feel like I continue to discover new groups and spaces every day. And I need to learn the tunnels Hope you found this compelling and check out the syllabus and recommended readings so you can follow along at home!

The Importance Of Being A Doll s House - 1627 Words

The Importance of being a Doll. â€Å"She s only a bird in a gilded cage. A beautiful sight to see. You may think she is happy and free from care she’s not, though she seems to be†. (Lamb) The Importance of Being Earnest and A Dolls House have been subjects of controversy since their creation. How the plays characterize the parodies of society as a gilded cage are directly related to the writers and how they were treated in their real lives. From the standpoint of the importance of being earnest the main characters, male and female, cope with their understanding of society’s view of marriage and the implied roles they must play. While the play A Doll’s House has a different thought on the roles of men and woman Oscar’s Wilde and Henrik Ibsen plays are similar in many ways, especially on how society prevents the characters from being able to live the life they want. How the playwrights were treated by society directly effects the way they represented society in their plays. First, The Importance of Being Earnest was written by Oscar Wilde who had a clandestine life that many people would have never deduced. On the outside Oscar’s life was perfect, beautiful wife, healthy kids, and a job that he really loved. On the other hand Oscar’s life was a gilded cage because he preferred the company of men and if this had been discovered Oscar knew his career would be over. (Beckson) At the time society did not accept and would even mistreat people for having homosexual thoughts. HavingShow MoreRelatedA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreLars s Life Of The Doll955 Words   |  4 Pages After his father s death , his brother rebuilt the house. Karin and Gus married, Karin was pregnant. Karin is a warm and cheerful woman. She often invited him into the house of the family dinner. But Lars always refused Karin because he enjoys alone. Lars from his colleagues know the people selling inflatable doll online, and then he ordered an inflatable doll to itself. Lars treated the doll as his girlfriend, and he talks to doll every day. He even believed that the doll is a real woman. HeRead MoreWomen s Rights By Henrik Ibsen1481 Words   |  6 Pageswomen s rights by creating female characters that represent the struggle for freedom from their restricted roles. After years of playing the role of a superficial doll, Nora converts into an assertive and determined woman. The true cause of Nora s transformation starts with a revolution within her. Ibsen dramatizes Nora s discovery of identity by means of various literary techniques. By the finale of the play, Nora has survived a deconstruction of a false sense of identity, by being a â€Å"doll†, andRead MoreSymbolism In Ibsens A Dolls House1187 Words   |  5 PagesMarquez Ford Almeida, Gilbert English Composition II 10/19/17 Symbolism in A Doll House Introduction In a drama, symbolism is one of the important literary devices that is commonly employed by many play writers. It imparts the play’s hidden meaning and portrays emotions and conflicts in the characters. Equally, Ibsen’s play, A Doll House makes an extensive use of symbols which does not only make the play captivating but also enables the reader to get a deeper understanding of the underlining ideasRead MoreGender And Gender Roles Have Radically From The Time Henrick Ibsen s A Doll House1203 Words   |  5 Pages The idea of gender and gender roles have evolved minimally from the time Henrick Ibsen â€Å"A Doll House,† was first published. In the late 1800s, just before the beginning of the first wave of feminism in the United States and Europe, women were looking for ways to gain independence from their â€Å"duty† to marry a man, have children, and live a life to home and yearned for the freedom to choose what kind of lives they wanted to live, what they wanted to do, etc. In the beginning of the play, the viewsRead MoreSymbolism In Ibsens A Dolls House1173 Words   |  5 Pagesconflicts in the characters. Equally, Ibsen’s play, A Doll House makes an extensive use of symbols which does not only make the play captivating but also enables the reader to get a deeper understanding of the underlining ideas. Indeed, Symbolism is a literary device that is evident throughout Ibsen s play. Examples of symbolism in the play include the Christmas tree, the images of the stove, macaroons, visiting cards and lighting lamb. Perhaps Ibsen s play is one of the plays from the 19th century whichRead MoreHenrik Ibsen Thesis Paper1049 Words   |  5 Pagesattendants are stressed by one of the mid to late 1800 s best problem play authors, Henrik Ibsen. Ibsen spend most of his writing career exploring the human mind. He had a passion for the truth, and due to this he conveyed his thoughts through writing. His time period offered many scenarios for him to write about which still apply to today s society. One of these scenarios is the societal roles that given to people. Ibsen stressed the importance of societal and gender roles in his writing, hoping toRead MoreHow Writers Represents Relationships Between Characters1019 Words   |  5 PagesGodfrey that was kept in secret. This is when he decide to change and father this little girl. Eliot shows Silas` transformation from sad and miserable man, with love of money as the only value for him to a loving and caring father who gives no importance to wealth after he adopts the little girl Eppie, before meeting the girl it was gold that was the most important for him: `The money had come to mark off his weaving into periods, and the money not only grew, but it remained with him. He began toRead MoreA Feminist Criticism A Doll s House1372 Words   |  6 PagesBarros 1 Diane Barros English 102 A1W November 11,2014 A Feminist Criticism A Doll House A Doll’s House, written by Henrik Ibsen examines the controversial point of persuasion of love and marriage that emphasis marital vows and women’s roles, during the nineteenth century. Where feminism lurks throughout the entire play. Through this play, I shall show you what I perceived what the writer Ibsen presumption of the equivalence among men and woman, and the idea of feminism. Where Women haveRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll House 846 Words   |  4 PagesDoll house Nora’s marriage has been a sham ever since the start. By the standard of modern day, she has legitimate ground to leave her husband Torvald. Because Torvald only cares about his image, he treats Nora as an object rather than a wife, Nora has never been taken seriously by her husband, and Torvald only loves her for her appearance. Torvalds image is of great importance to him considering now he is a bank manager, and he will not allow anything standing in his way to ruin this image

First Affirmative Constructive Speech Euthanasia

First Affirmative Constructive Speech: Euthanasia A lady named Brittany Maynard who was twenty-nine years old had stage 4 of Glioblastoma Multiform, which is brain cancer. She had taken a lethal medication, given to her by her doctors in Portland, Oregon. On November 1, 2014 she had chosen to end her life by Euthanasia. surrounded by family and friends, she died peacefully in her bedroom, with her loved ones by her side. she had thought out her choice well enough to go through with it. she was an advocate for the legislation of aide in dying (Maynard). The law for Euthanasia is that it is illegal in all 50 states except 4 of the states, which are; Oregon, Washington, Vermont, and Montana. People see Euthanasia as man slaughter or murder, and that the law should punish the people who perform it. In the states where Euthanasia is illegal, the people who perform it can face upto 14 years in prison (Assissted Suicide Laws). Euthanasia is a Greek word that translates into meaning Easy Death, it is a painless way of dying, a patient who is in a lot of pain or has some sort of illness that will result in death at one point in their life will request for Euthanasia (Wesley). I have resolved that Euthanasia should be legal in not just the United States, but the whole world. A severely handicapped or terminally ill person should have the right to choose to live or die. Euthanasia defined literally means good death. There are two types of Euthanasia which are active and

Existential Therapy Death, Freedom Self-Awareness Free Essays

Existential Therapy: Death, Freedom Self-Awareness Some people rely on others to validate who they are, and to give them meaning. However, they must realize that they are alone in this world and they must find meaning from within themselves and not from others. Nevertheless, for many people being alone causes anxiety in which people feel that their life has no meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Existential Therapy: Death, Freedom Self-Awareness or any similar topic only for you Order Now A person can become aware of who they are but not accept who they are while being alone. Existential therapy helps people to look within and find a way to cope with their emotional experiences they have encountered in order to recover from them.When individuals learn to love themselves and be content with themselves, they will then know how to love others. Existential therapy is different from other theories. It is therapy to help people understand that they are the authors of their own life and that they are free to choose how they respond to it. The important factors of existential therapy are getting the client to find personal meaning and truths. Taking responsibility for any decisions, he/she makes. Being able to live in the present and not the past: getting the client to experience life by living in the moment.Tolerating anxiety, as a part of life, this will reoccur throughout life. Finally, to help clients understand and accept death and a greater gain of self-awareness. Death and Meaning The only absolutes are life and death. Many people give death too much power by fearing it, instead of embracing it. â€Å"Death is often one of the most powerful forces which keeps us from truly living† (Hoffman, 2004). When a person sincerely accepts death, they realize that their purpose in life is to do something meaningful by helping others.By dealing with death through the loss of loved ones and friends, I have learned to appreciate life and use my time here on earth wisely. As a little child, I was always afraid to die, due to my parents dying at a young age. I just knew I would die early too. Eventually after witnessing so many deaths year after year, I could no longer be afraid. The anxiety was so strong at one point I would have nightmares. , However, after losing my husband I grew to be content with death and love life much harder.Not to just love life but to live for each moment, not looking in the past but looking towards the future, what can I do now to help humanity. If we question ourselves on what we would do if death would come on a certain day, it would sincerely change people’s attitude about dying and change them in a way to live more freely. Moreover, in order to accept death one must find meaning. Meaning asks questions like, who are we, what will we become, and what is our purpose for being here? Unfortunately, it took death and pain to help me realize what my purpose in life was which is helping people.Helping people to cope with their issues gives me more reason to live. Freedom and Responsibility Individuals are free to choose to do good or bad, right or wrong. Being free means that people are accountable for their own actions and that they have to live with the decisions they make. When we choose to act in a certain way, we should not blame others for the way we act. People have full control over their emotions so we need to take full responsibility for our own actions, how we live our lives, and not make excuses for what we did not do. However, with freedom there is much responsibility.When clients do not want to accept responsibility a counselor will then encourage the client to reflect on his or her life and find meaning and/or their purpose of living. Since we are free, we cannot blame others for our problems. As stated in the eighth edition of the Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (Corey, 2009), while people claim they desire freedom, the existential belief declares that most will try to escape this freedom. People do this in order to avoid responsibility of making choices, (p. p. 140-141). People have to live for themselves and make their own decisions and to take charge of their lives.If a person commits a crime than that person cannot blame their upbringing or society for being the reasons of committing the crime, they themselves committed the crime so they will suffer the consequences for their actions. Self-Awareness Self-awareness is a person’s ability to know who they are fully. The more we know ourselves the more we grow. The more we grow the more freedom we have to choose and make good choices. When we are fully aware we can accept that no matter what we have been through in life, those circumstance do not define who we are.Dealing with pain and suffering for many years I have let go of what I experienced (holding on does not help with counseling), however learning to handle situations helped me to react differently and live free from any anxieties. It is up to people to want to progress from their old way of thinking and adapt to a new ones (this is how we make better choices), we cannot get better even with therapy if we do not find a way to do so. Strengths and Weaknesses Existential therapy focuses on the concepts of death, meaning, and purpose, which are all critical issues that play an important part of human existence.Counselors seek to help not train the clients to do better, client’s progress on their own terms. Clients learn to cope with being alone and not seek support from others around them. It teaches clients to understand anxiety because it will always be a part of our lives but knowing how to deal with it helps make us better people. Counselors are open-mind to different issues and can handle all types of attitudes, beliefs, and experiences. Weaknesses to this type of therapy: Melton (2010) states that, â€Å"a major criticism that this approach lacks a systematic statement of the principles and practices of psychotherapy. How to cite Existential Therapy: Death, Freedom Self-Awareness, Papers

International Political Economy

Introduction In the last two to three decades, the world has experienced unprecedented economic growth in all spheres of economy. Despite such encouraging progress in the economy, the gap between the poor and rich people has widened. The rich are getting richer as the poor get poorer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Political Economy – World Systems Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, the world has moved to a more integrated and globalised economy where there is interrelatedness between nations of the world. Although such globalisation might ideally mean more prosperity for nations based on their increased accessibility and market interaction levels, it has instead acted to increase economic inequalities among societies and nations. In addition, at the global political stage, the powerful countries have amassed more power. Periphery countries are becoming less influential in th e political and economic realms. While trying to explain the growing disparities in wealth and power in the global political economy, different scholars have advanced different theories. Of the many theories and approaches, Immanuel Wallerstein’s world-systems analysis has been credited for its detailed analysis of the functioning of the world economy1. The theory incorporates different arguments from the existing knowledge in sociology, political science, and economics. However, it significantly shifts from the existing theories of economic development that focus on the nations as independent units that can traverse their own paths towards civilisation and modernity. This paper will analyse whether the world systems analysis has been able to explain successfully the wealth and power inequalities in the world. Further, it will discuss various criticisms that have been put forward against the approach.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More World-Systems Analysis According to Makki, the world-system analysis, which is also referred to as world-system hypothesis, is a modern macro-sociological viewpoint that regards the changes of capitalism and world economy as a ‘total collective system’2. The theory draws from the tenets of historical sociology and economic history. It is also linked to Immanuel Wallerstein who is credited for building its credibility. According to Jones, developmental theorists have adopted the theory for its synthesis of developmental and unequal opportunities across the world. 3. Although the theory’s views on capitalism and the global economy differ from those expressed by Marx and Weber, these two theorists have offered a great inspiration to the theory. The main agenda of the theory is that the world as a whole plays an important role in determining the economic and social dynamics between and among natio ns. In other words, the theory emphasises the world-system as the main unit of social analysis. The theory is a shift from Marxist approaches that viewed the nation as the main unit of analysis in the global political economy. By world-system, the theory indicates the inter-regional and transnational divisions of labour that divide the world between the rich and the poor, and the powerful and the weak as Macedo and Gounari confirm4. Accordingly, Wallerstein views the world-system as a social system with no boundaries, structures, coherence, or rules of legitimating but rather a body that comprises conflicting forces that hold it together or threaten to tear it apart as each group tries to remould it to its advantage. Further, as an organism, the world-system has a life span. It changes over time while other characteristics remain constant. According to Harvey, its life is not only largely self-contained, but also has some internal developmental changes5.Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on International Political Economy – World Systems Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the world classification, nations are joined together through market financial system rather than through affairs of the state. In this incorporation of nations, the relationship is based on the exchange of goods and products that characterise a market financial system. According to O’Brien and Williams, although there is competition among polities to dominate the system, none lasts forever6. As a shift from the thinking of the 19th century with reference to society, politics, and economy, the world-system analysis criticises Marxist and other theories of economic development and approaches to modernisation. For instance, it criticises the modernisation theory for its focus on the state as the only unit of analysis. It claims the existence of one path through which all nations experience economic develo pment. It disregards the transnational structure that hinders local and national economic development. World-system analysis is a shift from the modernisation hypothesis, which holds that nations follow a given course and stages of development from pre-modern to modern states and that nations are accountable for their individual growth. Through small assistance to its internal strictures of economy, Wallerstein asserts that any nation can become modern just like other developed countries have7. As such, capitalism is an inevitable outcome of the previous failures of structures of economy such as feudalism since nations have progressed in their path to modernity.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, world-system theorists disapprove this notion on capitalism. They view it as a deliberate move through which Europe came to dominate the world economy to create inequalities8. While explaining the inequalities in wealth and power, the world-system analysis views the world economy as having divisions based on the kind of labour each country or region offers and/or contributes to the system and market economy9. The theory regards the world economy as a body that comprises three groups of countries, that is, the core countries, semi-periphery, and the periphery countries. Core nations concentrate on capital–demanding and proficient work production as opposed to a wanting toil or raw-material assembly that is characteristic of semi-periphery and marginalised nations10. By focusing on proficient production, the mainstay nations govern the sidelined or marginalised nations. However, changes in the system mean that countries may lose or gain more on their status. In this ca se, Clark says that periphery countries may upgrade to semi-periphery and further to core countries11. At different periods, some nations may raise to hegemonic status in the system. For example, hegemonic status has passed from Netherlands to the Great Britain and then to the United States of America. World-System Analysis’ Approach to Power and Wealth Inequality As previously explained, the world-system analysis tries to explain the inequalities in the world by viewing the world economy as a single unit where division of labour among its members contributes immensely to inequalities in power and wealth. In this case, the countries that fall under the core category dominate the world economy since they control the means of production while the peripheral ones control labour. Tracing the history of the world’s economy from the start of capitalism, O’Brien and Williams see a trend where the world is constantly in a core/periphery economic relationship that began with Europe12. In this case, Gareau reveals that countries that controlled production were always more prosperous at the expense of those that supplied labour13. For more than 5 centuries, many European countries have been in the core countries category while the others such as African, Asian, and South American countries, which have historically provided labour for European nations, remain at the periphery14. According to Harvey, the most important structure of the present-day world system is what he refers to as power hierarchy between core countries and the peripheral ones. In this affiliation, powerful countries govern and take advantage of the underprivileged ones. Their driving force is to use unrefined ways of getting hold of the weak countries’ wealth. According to Goldfrank, in this equation, technology plays an important role in determining the category where each county falls15. The countries that have advanced technology such as the United States, Britain, Japan, and Germany among others form the core countries while the less technologically developed countries such as Kenya, Venezuela, and other third-world countries form the periphery. Over the years, the core nations have used their advantaged positions to amass great power both economically and socially over their disadvantaged nations as Tarrow reveals16. According to the world-system analysis, the core nations’ access to enormous financial resources by controlling the highly lucrative means of production implies that they are able to finance other core areas of their economy and standings in the global stage. For instance, looking at the hegemonic status of countries over the years, a peculiar trend emerges17. For instance, during the reign of the Great Britain in the 19th century, it controlled more than 85% of world’s industries. Further, it amassed great powers through its advanced military and superior economic status that allowed it to ‘acquire’ and colo nise many territories across the world. One of the main reasons of establishing colonies was to have a ready access of raw materials and a ready market of the finished products. In this interaction between the Great Britain as the core and its overseas territories as the periphery, it is evident that the interaction was not mutually beneficial. The Great Britain benefited more. It amassed more wealth and more power at the expense of the periphery countries18. In another case, during the reign of the US as the hegemony after the World War II, the nation accounted for more than 50% of the global finished products. The interaction between the poor and the wealth nations is characterised by unequal exchange. Unequal exchange refers to the systematic substitution of excess material possessions between sectors that lie in the peripheral category and the highly industrialised and powerful countries. The powerful homelands amass immense resources using marginal surplus. On the other hand, t he continuous deprivation of the periphery’s surplus leads to stagnated or reducing capital for those countries. The implication is that they are unable to break from the yoke of poverty to a higher economic status as a way of standing in the global arena. In the process of domination by the core nations, three key processes ensure that these countries amass power and wealth in the end. Firstly, it starts with productivity dominance where the core countries have control over technology and other means of production, which are not accessible to the periphery countries. In this case, as Macedo and Gounari confirm, with the superior technology and means of production, the countries can produce high superior products at a cheaper cost, thus tilting trade to their advantage19. As long as the periphery countries do not have access to such technology due to many factors, including capital resources, the core countries achieve dominance whereas the peripheral ones feed the core count ries’ productivity with cheap raw materials in exchange of expensive finished products20. The core countries’ act of accumulating more productivity powers leads to the second process of gaining power and wealth, which is trade dominance. According to Moore, since the cost of production is cheaper and hence able to benefit more from international trade, core countries easily dominate the trade21. The core nations control trade by selling, as opposed to purchasing, more of their products to other states22. Consequently, there is a favourable balance of trade for the core nations. With trade dominance, more money comes relative to the amount that goes out, thus resulting in economic supremacy. For instance, the US and European countries get a large percentage of the global monetary possessions. With strong financial resources, the core nations are able to invest more in activities such as education, economic diversification, healthcare, poverty elimination programmes, res earch and development, and military among other activities that ensure that they strengthen their dominant position in the world system. On the other hand, as Harvey says, the peripheral countries are characterised by underdeveloped technologies, less industrialisation, large populations of poor people, and high levels of illiteracy23. In addition, the peripheral nations are greatly influenced by the core nations through their multinational corporations. In many instances, they have to adhere to the economic policies of the former, although such policies are obviously skewed to the advantage of the rich ones as Firebaugh confirms24. Due to their focus on few financial means that involve the processing and selling of materials, marginalised states enjoy less fiscal diversity as compared to the major countries25. Further, there is a high availability of cheap and unskilled labour, which is exploited by the core nations through their multinational corporations. Since the peripheral cou ntries struggle to meet the needs of the people who have little financial resources, no surplus has been availed to invest in high-technology production activities that are done by the core nations. Further, due to the basic nature of the technology that is available for these nations, the high cost of production makes it difficult for them to industrialise. Consequently, such nations are locked in a vicious cycle where they are unable to expand beyond their focus on production of raw materials to feed the ever-expanding production capacities of the core nations. Therefore, with all the odds against the periphery countries, McCarthy asserts that it is difficult for the poor nations to prosper in the highly skewed world system that benefits the rich while exploiting the poor26. In many ways, the world-system analysis presents the bitter reality of globalisation where issues such as free trade and elimination of previous barriers of trade are advantageous for the prosperity of the â⠂¬Ëœworld-economy.’ However, upon further analysis, world-economy is a tool that is supported by the core nations as long as it benefits their interests in the world-system. It is evident that the notion that globalisation is beneficial to all countries is not valid in all its assertions as it has led to the increase of the difference between the underprivileged peripheral countries and the well-off major ones. In this case, globalisation has provided an opportunity for the rich to exploit the poor countries in an arrangement that benefits the former while disadvantaging the latter. Hence, the world-system analytical approach provides a detailed and a convincing explanation of the present-day power and wealth inequalities in the world. Criticisms of World-System Analysis Like any other theory, the world-system analysis has received a lot of criticism from different theorists and economic experts who are not satisfied with its main assertions. The first criticism is that unlik e other social theories that explain the economy and inequality in the society, world-system theory focuses on the economy and less on other important issues such as culture27. While this criticism is strong, it does not lead to a disregard of key concepts other than the world-system analysis. However, there is a need to find a way through which culture can be incorporated into the theory to make it more reflective of the social dynamics of the world economy, power, and inequalities28. Further, the theory is criticised for being overly core-centric. In this case, the critiques such as Gregory assert that Wallerstein concentrates on explaining why and how the core nations have amassed wealth29. At the end, he does not focus on the plight of the peripheral nations. Further, he does not offer elaborate solutions of how such inequalities and power can be eliminated30. However, this claim is not a valid argument since his reference to a ‘system’ is an indication of the fact that perfection can never be achieved. The theory compensates for this argument by pointing out that just like a system, the various changes that occur with time change the balance where the periphery and semi-peripheral countries change their status up and/or down the classification. Another valid argument by Hall is that by focusing on the world market and economy, the theory makes a great supposition by assuming the local class struggles and class divisions that play an important part in one way or another in the state and global economy31. Conclusion The world-system analysis satisfactorily explains the main causes of disparities in wealth and power in the global political economy. The theory views the world as a unitary system that is divided into core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral nations as dictated by divisions of labour between them. The core countries dominate the economy of the system through their focus on production of high-end finished products and high-skilled labo ur while others focus on low-skilled labour and production of raw materials. Accordingly, due to these differences between nations in the system, core countries exploit the poor nations for their raw materials, which create surplus in productivity. In this way, the key countries dictate business and monetary wealth at the disadvantage of the marginalised states that remain underprivileged. However, the theory has been criticised for its focus on the economy at the expense of other important factors such as culture and class struggles within individual nations. Further, it has been criticised for its focus on core nations whilst showing less attention to the peripheral nations. As such, a room has been left for expansion of the theory to address valid criticisms that have been advanced by its critics. 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Footnotes 1 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Uncertainties of Knowledge (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004), 8. 2 Fouad Makki, â€Å"The Empire of Capital and the Remaking of Centre Periphery Relations,† Third World Quarterly 25, no. 1 (2005): 149. 3 Bary Jones,†Globalisation and change in the Iiternational political economy,† International Affairs 75, no. 2 (1999): 357. 4 Donaldo Macedo and Panayota Gounari, Globalisation and the unleashing of new racism: an introduction (Boulder: Paradigm Publishers, 2006), 23. 5 David Harvey, A Brief Introduction to Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, 23. 6 Robert O’Brien and Marc Williams, Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 68. 7 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003), 307. 8 Andre Drainville, â€Å"Resistance too globalisation: The view from the periphery of the world economy.† International Social Science Journal 59, no. 2 (2008): 235. 9 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Uncertainties of Knowledge (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004), 15. 10 Immanuel Wallerstein, â€Å"The West, Capitalism and the Modern World-System.† Review 15, no. 4 (1992): 561. 11 Rob Clark, â€Å"World Income Inequality in the Global Era: New Estimates 1990-2008.† Social Problems 58 (2011): 568. 12 O’Brien and Williams, 13. 13 Brian G areau, â€Å"Theorising Environmental Governance of the World-System.† American Sociological Association 18, no. 2 (2012): 204. 14 Andre Drainville, â€Å"Resistance to globalisation: The view from the periphery of the world economy.† International Social Science Journal 59, no. 2 (2008): 224. 15 Walter Goldfrank, â€Å"Paradigm Regained? The Rules of Wallerstein’s World-System Method.† Journal of World-Systems Research 6, no. 2 (2000): 153. 16 Sydney Tarrow, â€Å"Transnational Politics: Contention and Institutions in International Politics.† Annual Review of Political Science 4, no. 1 (2001): 8. 17 O’Brien and Williams, 19. 18 Fouad Makki, â€Å"The Empire of Capital and the Remaking of Centre Periphery Relations.† Third World Quarterly 25, no. 1 (2005): 158. 19 Macedo and Gounari, 22. 20 Goldfrank, 176. 21 Jason Moore, â€Å"Nature and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism,† The Journal of Fernard Braudel Centre XXVI ( 2003): 151. 22 Drainville, 237. 23 Harvey, 23. 24 Glenn Firebaugh, New Geographies of World Income Inequality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 42. 25 O’Brien and Williams, 45. 26 James McCarthy, â€Å"The Financial Crisis and Environmental Governance ‘After’ Neoliberalism.† Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 103, no. 2 (2012): 188. 27 Makki, 158. 28 Harvey, 56. 29 Robert Gregory, â€Å"What is World Systems All About? An Introduction for Human Ecologists.† Journal of Human Ecology 16, no. 3 (2004): 194. 30 Macedo and Gounari, 13. 31 Thomas Hall, A World-Systems Reader: New Perspectives on Gender, Urbanism, Culture, Indigenous People and Ecology (Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000), 63. This essay on International Political Economy – World Systems Analysis was written and submitted by user Abr1l to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.